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治療有許多comorbidity的老人或許一開始不容易看到全貌,但是接近九個月的老人醫學訓練,讓我們 think more like a geritrician
2007年3月來自BGS的老師: Professor Stephen Allen & Dr Joseph Kwan都是來自Royal Bournemouth Hospital
感覺上這次的老師比較像是有special interest的geritrician,給我們帶來不少vedio teaching and case scenario
很像neurology & general internal medicine的training,把一些之前沒有接受過的概念整理一下:

(1) SSRI in severe postural hypotension
其實在1994年的
The American Journal of Medicine就有一個case series
對於resistent or intolerant to treatment的病人(with postural hypotension 使用fluoxetine 20mg qd,在6-8周後居然有80%的病人有response
另一篇更有趣的study,是RCT喔,登在1999的
The American College of Cardiology
發現paroxitine對refarctory or intolerant to conventional therapy而有vasovagal syncope的病人也是顯著有效的喔!
Postulated Mechanism:SSRI可以facilitate neural transmission,所以造成brain stem post-synaptic serotonin receptor down regulation
對CSF中serotonin level的fluctuation就比較insensitive

(2) P
ostural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
病人改變姿勢由坐著爬起來如果near fainting or syncope要想什麼D/D?
除了postural hypotension, BPPV, VBI以外要再加上一個:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
根據
2001年Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology的一篇Review
Definition:
在standing or upright tilt之後10分鐘內 develope orthostatic symptoms, 而且心跳增加最少30 beats/min from baseline 
或 heart rate o> 120 beats/min
Clinical features: 
palpitations, fatigue, lightheadedness, exercise intolerance, tremulousness, blurring of vision (or tunnel vision)
and weakness of the lower extremities
Classification:
大多數的病人都有idiopathic peripheral autonomic neuropathy (partial dysautonomia),所以在upright時無法使peripheral vasculacture收縮
而引起reflex tachycardia;另外少數的病人有beta-receptor supersensitivity 
Diagnosis:Tilt table testing
Management:
Nonpharmacologic: rule out correctable disease (vasodilators, tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors or alcohol)
                               avoid extreme heat and dehydration, mild firobic exercise and elastic support hose
Pharmacologic: fludrocortisone; midodrine, 一部分hyperadrenergic form 也可以用beta adrenergic blocking agents治療,
                         另外central sympatholytic agents, clonidine在一部分的人也有效

(3) Autonomic dysfunction and inflammation
Professor Allen在1997年發表於
International journal of clinical practice
結果發現老年人在pneumonia之後發生impaired cardiovascular autonomic reflexes 的機會很高,在六星期後會有進步
但有些人要到六個月才能看到改善,可惜的是之後並沒有發現類似的study
之後在2004年又在
同一本雜誌發表,研究在RA病人上的autonomic cardiovascular reflexes
發現老年的RA不會比年輕的有較多autonomic dysfunction,但是RF positve的有自主神經問題的比較多

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